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Jupiter Has Two Magnetic South Poles

Jupiter as seen from the Juno spacecraft.
NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gabriel Fiset

A complex dynamo inferred from the hemispheric dichotomy of Jupiter’s magnetic field

The Juno spacecraft, which is in a polar orbit around Jupiter, is providing direct measurements of the planet’s magnetic field close to its surface. A recent analysis of observations of Jupiter’s magnetic field from eight (of the first nine) Juno orbits has provided a spherical-harmonic reference model (JRM09) of Jupiter’s magnetic field outside the planet.

The non-dipolar nature of the magnetic field in the northern hemisphere and the dipolar nature in the southern hemisphere is apparent. The equatorial view is centred near the Great Blue Spot and shows the linkage of magnetic field lines that enter through the Great Blue Spot. The contoured surface on which the field lines shown start and end is at r = 0.85RJ, where the density of field lines is proportional to the radial magnetic field strength and is depicted by the colour scale (red outward flux, blue inward flux).

This model is of particular interest for understanding processes in Jupiter’s magnetosphere, but to study the field within the planet and thus the dynamo mechanism that is responsible for generating Jupiter’s main magnetic field, alternative models are preferred.

The authors report maps of the magnetic field at a range of depths within Jupiter. They find that Jupiter’s magnetic field is different from all other known planetary magnetic fields. Within Jupiter, most of the flux emerges from the dynamo region in a narrow band in the northern hemisphere, some of which returns through an intense, isolated flux patch near the equator. Elsewhere, the field is much weaker. The non-dipolar part of the field is confined almost entirely to the northern hemisphere, so there the field is strongly non-dipolar and in the southern hemisphere it is predominantly dipolar. The authors that Jupiter’s dynamo, unlike Earth’s, does not operate in a thick, homogeneous shell, and we propose that this unexpected field morphology arises from radial variations, possibly including layering, in density or electrical conductivity, or both.

Original Research

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